Realism, Naturalism, and the Harlem Renaissance Flashcard

Realism, Naturalism, and the Harlem Renaissance

Free Essays on Trends In Familial Social Status Of Japanese Women And Potential Causes

NEW TRENDS IN FAMILIAL AND SOCIAL STATUS OF JAPANESE WOMEN AND POTENTIAL CAUSES. Japan is experiencing a major change of gender roles as women enter the workforce in record numbers. The result is the rise of financially independent Japanese women who have careers, financial independence and personal freedom. Having experienced independence, women are less interested in the responsibilities of a wife and mother, which would include not only running the household but also caring for aging parents. Concurrent economic, demographic, and social trends have quietly created dramatically different lives for Japanese women, as they live longer, marry later, have fewer children, and spend longer periods of their lives alone or at least without a husband. Technology and longer lives free women to consider expanded options, with new choices , possibilities, and problems. The changes in women’s life cycles also stimulate changes in the roles they choose and are required to take in society, with important ramifications for family life, education, and the world of work. Japanese women have valid reasons to prepare themselves for long lives with a greater degree of independence, whether by necessity or choice. (1) In result to Japanese women experiencing independence many have chosen to postpone marriage or just not get married at all, many Japanese women feel that getting married will mean giving up their freedom and independence . Because delaying marriage usually results in fewer children, the birthrate in Japan is steadily declining well below the rate required to sustain Japan’s current population and is the lowest rate in the world. At the same time, the Japanese have the longest life expectancy in the world, The result is a rapidly aging population that soon will begin to shrink unless these trends are reversed. (2) There are women who do want to become a mother and wife, but the cost of having to resign from... Free Essays on Trends In Familial Social Status Of Japanese Women And Potential Causes Free Essays on Trends In Familial Social Status Of Japanese Women And Potential Causes NEW TRENDS IN FAMILIAL AND SOCIAL STATUS OF JAPANESE WOMEN AND POTENTIAL CAUSES. Japan is experiencing a major change of gender roles as women enter the workforce in record numbers. The result is the rise of financially independent Japanese women who have careers, financial independence and personal freedom. Having experienced independence, women are less interested in the responsibilities of a wife and mother, which would include not only running the household but also caring for aging parents. Concurrent economic, demographic, and social trends have quietly created dramatically different lives for Japanese women, as they live longer, marry later, have fewer children, and spend longer periods of their lives alone or at least without a husband. Technology and longer lives free women to consider expanded options, with new choices , possibilities, and problems. The changes in women’s life cycles also stimulate changes in the roles they choose and are required to take in society, with important ramifications for family life, education, and the world of work. Japanese women have valid reasons to prepare themselves for long lives with a greater degree of independence, whether by necessity or choice. (1) In result to Japanese women experiencing independence many have chosen to postpone marriage or just not get married at all, many Japanese women feel that getting married will mean giving up their freedom and independence . Because delaying marriage usually results in fewer children, the birthrate in Japan is steadily declining well below the rate required to sustain Japan’s current population and is the lowest rate in the world. At the same time, the Japanese have the longest life expectancy in the world, The result is a rapidly aging population that soon will begin to shrink unless these trends are reversed. (2) There are women who do want to become a mother and wife, but the cost of having to resign from...

Woody Case Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Woody Case - Research Paper Example They will also put in place measures on how they install the new semi-automatic production training. This will include install ling air conditioning machines, using dust free paint and making room for extra compressor. Then, the team will proceed and assemble the material they need to actualize the designs. Here, they we buy the paint, air conditioners, cement, ballast, and additional equipments to meet the construction. In case, of shortage of manpower, they will hire more workers. These acquisitions will be passed by the management team of Woody 2000. Work breakdown structure From here the actual work will commence the team will put the design into action. Most of the work will be construction of the floor and the walls. Then there will be installation of the air conditioners. The work will be divided into phases depending on the agency and the chronological order. Construction work will be divided in phase one, two and three. Phase one will be broad, covering all issues of the plan two will be a breakdown of phase one, the secondary works of construction. Finally, phase three will involve finishing. Phase one will include floor construction, wall construction and roof construction. Phase two will be selecting and fixings the finishes that are roofing materials, windows frames and windows, doors, screens, exterior wall finishes and interior wall and ceiling cladding. Finally, phase three will be installation of the air conditioners, compressor and electricity. This is a horizontal bar chart that gives a graphical schedule that helps to coordinate, plan and track tasks in a project. The team will come up with this chart to help them to be able to stick to the tasks at hand. In the horizontal axis, they will indicate the time and the vertical axis will be the activity for the day. In this case, the team will have a maximum of eighteen months to complete the expansion. The team will be

How do men and women use language differently Research Paper

How do men and women use language differently - Research Paper Example â€Å"Men grow up in a world in which a conversation is often a contest, either to achieve the upper hand or to prevent other people from pushing them around whereas women often speak for confirmation and support† The male domination in the society is often cited as major the reason for which males and females use language differently. Women in normal cases, use more polite words than men. Men always try to stamp their authority and they often use bold words to dominate over others. On the other hand women use soft words because of their inferior status in the society. Women and men have different purposes in a communication process and they use language based on the purpose. For example, men usually use language as a status symbol and to dominate over others whereas women often seek support and they use polite words. â€Å"Women tend to use more standard forms of English whereas men tend to use less standard forms of English†(Women language, n. d). The intentions of wo men and men in a conversation are different. Women often work for social cohesion and they do not like conflicts in the society. So they use only formal languages in order to avoid clashes. Women are normally peace loving people. On the other hand, men often use language to assert their dominance in a group which is hierarchically formed. In other words, men often like the company of people who are ready to accept their views and opinion. For example, drug addicts or alcohol addicts often like to have the company of similar people whereas nonalcoholic people will never like the company of alcoholic people.

Executive Compensation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Executive Compensation - Research Paper Example This essay demonstrates that Stumpff (2011) lamented that in the past three decades, executive compensation has been on a steady rise contrary to the growth of the average salary for employees, companies’ profitability, and even the national economy. In particular, between 1984 and 2004, it is reported that the executive compensation had recorded as the steady growth of 8.5% annually whilst the growth of company’s profitability only grew by 2.9% annually and the growth of per capita over the same period was only 2.9%. Stumpff (2011) further added that by 2006, company executives were earning 400 times more than average employees in America and the compensation was seemingly pegged on the size of the company and not necessarily the performance of the company.In a natural sense, if executive compensation was a reflection of a company’s performance then there would have been an equal growth of employees’ compensation to reflect the increased profitability. Mo reover, if the executive compensation would have been directly pegged on the financial performance of a company then it would not have recorded a steady growth, this is because the cyclical nature of business performance would have equally meant that executive compensation fluctuates rather than remain steady.   Conclusively, this present study asserts that executive compensation does not necessarily reflect the financial performance of an organization and also at times, it is excess especially when a company is performing poorly.  

The Evolution Of Feminism Sociology Essay

The Evolution Of Feminism Sociology Essay Adaptation is the survival mechanism of civilizations in the course of evolution. It is the emergence of a trait that will enhance species viability in an existing or new environment. Conversely, byproduct is the unintentional consequence of adaptation. Humans due to their great capacity for generalized learning have consequently achieved a distinct capability of constructing and imparting culture (Parsons, 1964). According to Biologist Alfred Emerson (1956) within the realm of adaptation the gene has now been replaced by the symbol. Thus it is not just the genetic constitution of human beings that affects the process of evolution but also their cultural practice. Societies subsist within complex social environments (e.g. raw materials, reserves and constraints and limitations) and they adapt to such intricacies. It is thus inevitable that societies reorganize and reform themselves over time in the face of social change. The study of society and social change has taught us that the s ocial order of civilizations changes over time and reorganizes itself to appear as something different from its ancestral form. As a society, we have organized our everyday lives around former and existing situations. We are accustomed to standard and regular conditions and may be sensitive to extremes that fall outside of this array. The stages of evolution as discussed by Morgan (1877) and Tylor (1871, 1881) are as such: savagery, barbarianism and civilization. According to them every society and culture has or will go through these stages of evolution in this order. French philosopher  Auguste Comte (1876)  advanced the law  of three stages. According to this human societies progress from a theological stage, which is governed by religion, through a metaphysical stage, in which theoretical speculative assessment is most important, and onward toward a positivist stage, in which empirically based systematic scientific ideas are most dominant. It has been argued that society h as evolved by way of small steps that have led to increased complexity of society. Herbert Spencer (1887), a British sociologist argued that societies themselves are life forms. He attempted to extent Darwins tenet of the survival of the fittest to human civilizations and said that society has been steadily moving ahead towards an enhanced state. He claimed that western societies had persisted and evolved because they were better at becoming accustomed to the challenges of life. Emile Durkheim (1933) singled out the basis of societal evolution as a societys increasing development of more complex social interactions. Durkheim viewed societies as changing in the direction of immense demarcation, integration and oppression under the demands of increasing moral density. Durkheim supported that societies have evolved from a comparatively self-sufficient state with little incorporation, where intimidation and domination is required on a social structure, with a kind of cohesion called mec hanical solidarity to a more distinguished social structure with maximum division of labor where specialization and collaboration is extensive and interdependence and assimilation give rise to an organic solidarity. Julian Stewart (1955) constructed the multi-linear theory of evolution where he stated that societies change due to their adaptation to changing environments. A more recent view by Bloomfield (1993) suggests that society is in a state of equilibrium and when change takes place a transition results in a consequent stable but more complex society. The human race has shown a tremendous potential for adjustment and change. We have seen many forms of social change over the years. Human civilization has been witness to some foremost structures of transformations such as Industrialization, Globalization, World War II, Civil Rights Movement in United States, Indian Independence Movement, Gay Liberation Movement and Womens Rights Movement among many more. In this paper we shall r eflect briefly upon the evolutionary perspective of the Womens Rights Movement and put forward certain questions as is the Movement a form of adaptation of the society? Or it is the byproduct of adaptation? Nothing can be more absurd than the practice that prevails in our country of men and women not following the same pursuits with all their strengths and with one mind, for thus, the state instead of being whole is reduced to half. (Plato, 428-347 B.C.; Saxonhouse, 1976). In The Republic Plato proposes that an ideal state is one in which women are given the same opportunities as men in areas such as education and participation in activities of the state (Saxonhouse, 1976). He is considered to be the first feminist although his concern is not about the rights of women but about their usefulness (Craik, 1990). Feminism aims towards social change by focusing our attention upon the issues of women and how we can go about empowering women and improving their quality of life. Feminism can be seen to have a transformational function to society. Competing for resources is the basis for evolutionary theory. This notion that has enabled our species to survive has an important implication in femi nist theory. The feminist movement has consequently emerged in a patriarchal society as an amendment in the course of evolution. In Evelyn Reeds book Womens Evolution: from Matriarchal Clan to Patriarchal Families (1975) she mentions that social structures were initially based on mother-child relationship and were considered matrilineal clans long before the patriarchal family tradition began. Men were not part of the child birth process and were prohibited from eating womens food. She also notes that in most areas the essentially reliable sources of food were that of the gatherers (vegetables) and not hunters (animals). It was later that these matrilineal clans transformed into a patriarchal society. In the broadest sense, evolution is merely change, and so is all-pervasive; galaxies, languages, and political systems all evolve (Futuyma, 1986). Accordingly evolution can be presumed as a process of the development of a characteristic of society from its primitive state to its presen t or specialized state. Change comes about through the competition of resources and the circulation of favorable innovations in thought and action. Human nature is habituated by communication, which establishes what resources are available (Cooley, 1897). Arnold Toynbee (1987) postulated that civilizations transform from a stationary state to an active one. A more recent perspective on change was hypothesized by Thomas Kuhn (1996) where he talks of the concept of a paradigm. A paradigm is a set of values and beliefs about reality that allows a people to form theories about reality and solve problems. The central feature of a paradigm is its own etiquettes and principles. A paradigm remains popular and influential as long as it justifies most observable phenomenon and resolves most problems but it yields as new paradigms rise and begin to challenge it. Thus, long phases of normal science are pursued by short periods of revolutions that entail essential changes in prime theoretical pr esumptions. A good example here would be the androcentric assumptions that hard as well as social sciences tend to have embedded in their core and the recent shift towards a feminist paradigm where such assumptions are being questioned and alternate ideologies are being presented. This general idea is reinforced by Fritjof Capra (1997), who maintains that a single person can have a worldview, but a paradigm is shared by a community. The paradigm impression demonstrates the scope of social change as a turning point on the state of mind of individuals. History confirms that changes in society occur not because of great wars or authoritarian governments but because a significant amount of people started to change their mind, even if only a little (Harman, 1998). Contrary to the impression that innovative ideas are the efforts of a handful of elites like scientists, philosophers, artists and religious leaders, sometimes new ways of perceiving life in a significantly meaningful way progr esses from the great mass of the population (Yankelovich, 1982). Another model of social change helps to explain the transformation of feminist societies was presented by Anthony Wallace in 1970 in his book  Culture and Personality. Change is seen to present itself when intense individual strain leads to a shift away from cultural harmony. Initial response of society as well as the individual is that it is a distinct personal problem, but as these individual problems begin to come together in the form of a group, they result in unstable social foundations and society in turn has to recognize it as a problem on a larger scale. Once this happens it is essential for society to endure a process of recovery and transformation to return to the state of balance. This process of renewal depends upon characteristics such as formulation of a code, communication, organization, adaptation, cultural transformation and routinization. We attempt to integrate the evolution of feminism into this model. Feminism has formulated a code in the sense that it has a go al society in mind. It is one that contrasts the patriarchal society and insists upon a tradition of equality among sexes and envisions a liberated future for women. Communication in the feminist tradition has been one of prime significance. Consciousness raising groups were established by New York Radical Women and Womens Liberation groups. These meetings enabled women to share their stories and shed light on how their personal problems were in fact more common than recognized (Sarachild, 1973). Womens organizations exist in most countries that have been set up to address the issues of women and work towards globalized incorporation of solutions. The evolution of feminism has required the inclusion of many new viewpoints and the adaption of older ones. For example the radical feminist notion that women are superior to men has now been substituted for a more holistic idea where women and men are considered as equal and no one sex is better than the other. The Womens suffragettes hav e been able to attain womens voting in most parts of the world and this has led to a cultural transformation to the perception of women and their basic rights and privileges. The war on patriarchy is still ongoing but the movement has won many battles amongst. The vision of an egalitarian state is still very much alive. Routinization for many element of the movement are yet to happen as goal future is far from within our grasp. History illustrates that women have suffered many dreadful fates at the hands of persons, in the form of rape, female infanticide, sati ritual, honor killing, bride burning, female genital mutilation, sex slaves, etc. Data shows that between sixty to more than one hundred million women and girls are considered missing from numerous populations and are likely to have survived if gender discriminatory practices like sex-selective abortions, infanticide and inadequate care based on gender were absent (Seager, 2003; Sen, 1990; Klasen and Wink, 2002). Studies show that one in every five women have been forced to have sex, beaten or otherwise abused in their lifetimes and the perpetrator is usually a member of the family or an otherwise known person (Heise, Ellsberg, Gottemoeller, 1999) and about 69% of female homicide victims are killed by their male partners (Krug, et. al., WHO, 2002). Available data implies that in some countries nearly one in four women confirm sexual violence by an in timate partner and equal to one-third of adolescent girls report that they were forced into sexual acts for the first time (Ellsberg, et al., 2000; Mooney, 1993; Hakimi, et al., 2001; Matasha, et al., 1998; Buga, et. al., 1996). Sexual cruelty is more evident in places where attitudes of male sexual rights and entitlement are intense, where gender roles are inflexible, and in countries where there is an occurrence of other types of violence (Bennett, Manderson, Astbury, 2000; Gartner, 1990; Smutt, Miranda, 1998) In the 1994 genocide in Rwanda it was reported that between 250,000 and 500,000 women, or about 20% of women, were raped (De Brouwer, 2005). In 1992, during the five months of conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina, about 20,000 50,000 women were raped (Ashford, Huet-Vaughn, 1997). In India, deaths attributable to dowry are estimated to be 15,000 per year and typically they are kitchen fires made to like an accident (Jethmalani, 1995). Close to half of the 40 million people liv ing with HIV/AIDS are women. Social elements that lead to female exposure to HIV-1 include poverty, presence of gender inequality, cultural and sexual customs, violence and lack of education (Quinn, Overbaugh, 2005). Between twenty to seventy percent of women opened up about their abuse for the first time when they were interviewed for a survey by WHO and have not old anyone before that (WHO, Geneva, 2002). Recent studies have shown that there is no significant rise in the reported rape cases since 1990 (Wolitzky-Taylor, et. al., 2011). Keeping in mind these statistics it is no surprise that the feminist movement has emerged as a medium of social action against the oppression of women. Such atrocities against women are not a recent problem. What is remarkable is that such matters are finally receiving international attention due to the political power that women have acquired that we are now able to place the issue of accountability for gender-based cruelty on the international agen da. Women are taking advantage of opportunities, allocating resources, reconstructing social realities, envisioning a better, holistic and an overall more agreeable future and energizing a new generation of supporters (both female and male). Dissatisfaction among women is a reflection of evolutionary changes within the movement that aims for an integrated society. As is with all social movements, the womens rights movement too has gone through many changes and reorganizations in its evolution due to climate changes, internal and external conflicts, changes in social values and philosophical progress. The records of the history of feminism are mentioned briefly and represented as an overall picture of the struggle. Many attempts were made to highlight the inequalities between the genders such as the work of 15th century writer Christine De Pizan, who was the first woman to write about the relationship of the sexes (Brown-Grant, 1999), 17th century writer, Margaret Cavendish, 18th century writer, Mary Wollstonecraft, who is often said to be the first feminist philosopher and the works of Jane Austen, that focused on the restricted lives of women of the former part of the century (McCarthy, 1994). Although efforts were made by women such as Caroline Norton, who helped in changing the situation of married women and child custody in England ((Yalom , 2002; Perkins, 1989) and Florence Nightingale, whose belief was that women had all the aptitude of men but they had none of the opportunities (Bostridge, 2008), 1848 was the year that marked the beginning of an organized Womens Rights Movement. The first wave of feminism was between the 19th to the early 20th century. Here attention was given to issues such as womens education, better working standards, right to vote and running for office. Womens suffrage was extremely significant to the womens rights movement as it eliminated the overtone of them as being second-class citizens (Cott, 1989). What came after is commonly known as second wave feminism and lasted for the duration of 1960s to 1980s. During this time issues such as gender inequalities and discriminations were brought into awareness (Freedman, 2003). The third wave of feminism commenced in the 1990s and emerged to resolve the criticism that second wave feminism received. It dealt with issues of queer politics, reproduct ive rights, inclusion of race related subjectivities of minority communities (Henry, 2004). It also addressed concerns for a global feminism where matters such as First World vs. Third World feminism, the intersectionality of gender repression and inter-subjugation based on gender, race, sexual preferences (homosexuality), class, nationality, etc., defining feminism, birth and population control, identifying the central aspects of feminism against the political aspects, the gap between researchers and the grass roots, female genital mutilation and the degree and extent of political concerns affecting women have received attention. Womens Rights movement, as all social movements, evolved and adapted (and still is) to societal changes.

Analysis of the Physician Assistant Suicide Debate Essay -- Euthanasia

Medical science, beginning in the last half of the twentieth century, began to achieve the remarkable ability to prolong life. In most cases, this is beneficial; however, in regards to prolonging the dying process, sometimes indefinitely, this is frequently viewed by patients and their families as cruel, rather than life-giving, and they petition the courts for the right to die. Despite the legitimacy of this position, a variety of forces have repeatedly endeavored to limit the rights of individuals in shaping the dying process for themselves and their loved ones. This is a particularly problematic area for health professionals and the following examination of the issues that this entails demonstrates that the most ethical position for society is to respect the autonomy and decisions of individuals. To die of cancer is frequently a drawn-out process. Terminal patients are frequently in tremendous pain despite the use of opiates. It seems perfectly logical to many people that individuals who wish to forego such torture, when they know that this inevitable, should be allowed to painlessly end their lives rather than suffer a slow, painful death. Yet, there are those who disagree. Stein (2004) reports that before stepping down as the country's Attorney General, John Ashcroft asked the US Supreme Court to overrule the nation's only assisted-suicide law. A previously held lower court ruling held that the federal government did not have the power to punish Oregon doctors who legally prescribed lethal doses of federally approved drugs (Stein, 2004). Oregon's Death With Dignity Act allows patients who have been diagnosed with less than six months to live to request such a lethal dose if their diagnosis has been confirmed by two do... ...out, this objection can be overcome through the institution of strict guidelines, such as were instituted in Oregon in accordance with their physician-assisted euthanasia law. Works Cited Feinberg, B. "The Court Upholds a State Law Prohibiting Physician Assisted Suicide." . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 88.3 (1998): 847-76. Web. . Harris, J. "Consent and End of Life Decisions." Journal of Medical Ethics 29.1 (2003): 10. Web. . Singer, P. "Freedom and the Right to Die." Free Inquiry 22.2 (2002). Web. . Stein, L. â€Å" Right to Die†. U.S. News & World Report 18.137 (2004, November 22) Print. Sunstein, Cass R. "The Right to Die." Yale Law Review (1997): 1123-163. Web. .

What Affect has the outward movement of retailing office

a. ) The Retail Revolution that has been occurring in waves since the 1970's was such a shift in the way in which our services are provided that consequences for surrounding areas were inevitable. With the first wave of decentralisation of the inner city areas supermarket food industries left to edge-of-city sites causing much strain on the need for corner shops which in comparison to the mega-stores were of low variety and unattractive to shoppers. This coupled with the fact that the residents of rural areas were increasingly becoming more mobile meant that there was an overall decline in general store and corner shops in many rural areas that neighboured large cities. With a decline in services available close by there are always going to be people who lose out. For instance older residents that perhaps have lived in these villages for a long time may not be car owners. Consequently these people will decide to move to a place that has the services they require close by and there will be a decline in population. Any area in a cycle of declining population and loss of services often continues to do so until the process of dilapidation is out of control. We saw this process in Caistor, a rural settlement outside of Grimsby, where the introduction of a Morison's Super store 7 miles away had caused great decline. Also a Tescos 10 miles away from Caistor provided a bus service to and from the village meaning the rate of decline is intense. Evidence we found showed that for a town of population of 3,500 the village still had adequate services. However, the roots of the village were of a prestigious schooling reputation, which had fuelled much growth in the area at one time. Now the supermarkets have a firm hold in the neighbouring area the growth has subsided to what we see today. Many stores closed down, being converted back into residences in many cases. Only some specialist functions survived. Mainly those that rely on the village image to sell their product, for example Sandham's Wine cellars. Large losses in services and shops have clearly occurred though and from the looks of the village it will have difficulty in attracting outside investment. You can read also Waves This is a common problem in rural areas today, the problem has spiralled into disrepair and only a large cash injection to make the area seem more attractive will solve the problem. In more suburban areas including rural areas that have become suburbanised due to urban sprawl another consequence of decentralisation is apparent. Along the edge of Leeds places like Moortown and Headingly we noticed that District centres were catering for their local communities. In Moortown there was a clear Jewish presence in the area and in Headingly a student orientated district centre. Both examples of how the change in retail provision is affecting change. People can afford to be more demanding and to go farther afield to find what they want so retailers are responding by getting closer to the communities they cater for. b. ) Inner city areas in light of the mass decentralisation have understandably tended to decline with the closure of smaller shops drawing the public away from the city centre and many traditional high street areas have become very run down places. This has caused somewhat of a response from city planners who finally admit that decentralisation is a bad thing and doesn't simply relieve congestion. The American response to the decline of their inner city areas was to convert the CBD to specialist shopping areas that offer something the out of town malls and plazas do not. Many schemes including the adaptation of high rise foundations to custom shopping centres have been paid for in order to rescue America's city centres from desertion. In Britain however, city centres have declined still, but not nearly as much as America due to planning controls put in place and less suburbanisation. Still the major movements of decentralisation have created a pull factor away from the city centre and high street units. There were five main changes to the high street: 1. ) Large companies having standard image, large stores were broken into smaller units and a core and frame of the CBD itself was emerging, where it was clear that in the frame area refurbishment of shop fronts and insides was no longer economically viable 2. ) Functions became more varied with an increasing number of personal consumer services, financial, household, medical, leisure, and government services. . ) The perception of the high street as the focus for the community has become less strong 4. ) Land rental price increases and there was increasing competition for non-retail investors to maximise profits through office blocks etc 5. ) The highs street's position in the urban structure is under threat as retailing diversifies in character and location Another affect that the changes have brought about, are the planning responses in Britain. We saw how America specialised its CBD in order to make it more attractive again. British city councils have taken action to combat the decentralisation and many schemes have been tried, some worked, others failed, in any case the answer usually requires a large monetary input. In Leeds for example full pedestrianisation of large blocks has made for more pleasant shopping environment attracting shoppers making the land more desirable for retailers again. Attractive indoor centres are an extension of this with places like the Trinity centre, which have clearly had large investment and the heritage based Granary Wharf and Corn Exchange that link a tourist attraction in to bring in the shoppers. Mass shop front refurbishment like that of the Victorian quarter, which has also been roofed over, attract prestigious shops into the area and breathe life into the city centre again. The costs involved for these type of schemes are no doubt enormous and one can only expect to see retail prices rising as a result. But Leeds is just one example of where the schemes have worked, many other British cities to this day are suffering the affects of decentralisation brought about by the Retail Revolution.

The Human Heart Essays - Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Physiology

The Human Heart Essays - Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Physiology The Human Heart Biology - Histology The Human Heart. Abstract: Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary defines the heart as "the viscus of cardiac muscle that maintains the circulation of the blood". It is divided into four cavities; two atria and two ventricles. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. From there the blood passes to the left ventricle, which forces it via the aorta, through the arteries to supply the tissues of the body. The right atrium receives the blood after it has passed through the tissues and has given up much of its oxygen. The blood then passes through the right ventricle into the lungs where it gets oxygenated. There are four major valves in the heart; the left atrioventricular valve (also known as the mitral or bicuspid valve), the right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid), aortic valve, and the pulmonary valve. The heart tissue itself is nourished by the blood in the coronary arteries.2 Position of the Heart Within the Body: The heart is placed obliquely in the chest. The two atria are directed upwards and backwards to the right and are at the level of the fifth through the eight dorsal vertebrae. The apex of the heart points downwards and forwards to the left and corresponds to the interspace between the fifth and sixth ribs, two inches below the left nipple. Its atrial border corresponds to a line drawn across the sternum on a level with the upper border of the third costal cartilage. Its lower border (apex) corresponds to a line drawn across the lower end of the same bone, near the xiphoid process. Its upper surface is rounded and convex, directed upwards and forwards, and formed mainly by the right ventricle and part of the left ventricle. The posterior surface of the heart is flattened and rests upon the diaphragm muscle. Of its two borders, the right is the longest and thinnest, the left is shorter but thicker and round. Size: In an adult, the heart measures about five inches in length, three and a half inches in the broadest part of its transverse diameter, and two and a half inches in its antero-posterior. The average weight in the male varies from ten to twelve ounces. In the female, the average weight is eight to ten ounces. The heart will continue to grow in size up to an advanced period of life. This growth is more obvious in men than in women.3 Circulation of Blood in an Adult: The heart is subdivided by a longitudinal muscular septum into two lateral halves which are named right and left according to their position. A transverse muscle divides each half into two cavities. The upper cavity on each side is called the atria/auricle, and the lower side is called the ventricle. The right atrium and ventricle form the venous side of the heart. Dark venous blood is pumped into the right atrium from the entire body by the superior (SVC) and inferior vena cava (SVC), and the coronary sinus. From the right atrium, the blood passes into the right ventricle and from the right ventricle, through the pulmonary artery into the lungs.3 Once the blood becomes oxygenated/arterialized by its passage through the lungs, it is returned to the left side of the heart by the pulmonary veins which open into the left atrium. From the left atrium, the blood passes into the left ventricle where it is distributed by the aorta and its subdivisions through the entire body. Morphology of Each Heart Chamber: The right atrium is a little longer than the left. Its walls are also somewhat thinner than the left. The right atrium is capable of containing about two ounces of fluid. It consists of two parts, a principle cavity/sinus, and an appendix auriculae. The sinus is a large quadrilateral-shaped cavity located between the IVC and the SVC. Its walls are extremely thin and are connected on the lower surface with the right ventricle and internally with the left atrium. The rest of the right atrium is free and unattached. The appendix auricle is a small conical muscular pouch. It projects from the sinus forwards and to the left side, where it overlaps the root of the pulmonary artery.6 There are four main openings into

Dermatology essays

Dermatology essays Dermatologists are experts of the skin. They study, diagnose and treat diseases and ailments of the skin. Some of the most common skin diseases dermatologists treat are skin cancer, warts, fungal infections, psoriasis and hair loss. Melanoma is the most serious of the disorders. Besides treating physical diseases of the skin, dermatologists help patients deal with the emotional problems that come with skin disorders. Dermatologists tend to have solo practices. These offices are well-lighted and well equipped for efficiency. Some Dermatologist treat patients in hospitals and many have open practices with similar physicians like allergists. Dermatologists hours are fairly regular. They work from 40 to 50 hours each week. They see patients in their offices by appointment, although they may treat severe burns at any time. The earnings of a dermatologist varies. The average earnings in a survey taken in 1994 were $177,400 per year. That is, of course, before expenses. The salaries of students enrolled in residency programs range from $26,000 the first year to $33,000 the final year. It may take Dermatologists a number of years to reach their full potential. To become a Dermatologist, you must first be a physician. That requires a four year degree from an accredited College. You should first earn a Bachelor of Arts or Science degree. The next step is completion of four years in an accredited Medical School. Following Medical school, most physicians go into a Residency program to learn Dermatology. It may sound like a lot of work, but most Dermatologists say all the training is essential to do the job effectively. Dermatology is a very competitive field. You must dedicate much of your time in Medical school to be accepted to a Residency program and be the best you can possibly be. ...

Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Narrative - Essay Example Every morning my parents went to work which was a walking distance from the apartment. That day there were clear orders from my parents that there is no going out to play with ice as it had become a daily routine since checking in the neighborhood, few days had gone by since arriving at the city, and we had become familiar with the other kids in the neighborhood. So it was a tendency to go out and play with the ice which to us seemed fun little did we know of the looming danger as it did to Johnson and Robert (20). The meteorological department had stated that there would be severe ice fall that day; the parent also insisted of the same but as kids everything that parents warns against is mere threats. As usual I called my now elite friends and set out to play. On a rather unusual occurrence, the streets, which were always busy, had little life over them, and the ice was falling a bit tenderly unlike what the weathermen had foreseen. Being the eldest in the buddy group, I walked in front and at some point made jokes on the weathermen claiming that they were just figures as their predictions never bore any fruits in most of the times. On this day, my younger brother who one would have confused to be my twin brother preferred to be left behind working out some arithmetic as it had become his usual fun. According to my memories, by the time we were out of the streets, ice was falling profusely, and one would feel the large ice balls falling. Being the ringleader, I encouraged my peers to keep up with the walk until we got to the hill section to begin the wondrous expenditures as usual just like in the reading by Perec, Georges and Bellos (23). Just like a king and their follows, my peers bow down to every suggestion that throbbed out of my immature mouth. Suddenly the ice blocks covered the way and ice was beginning to become glacier and was falling down the path. As the sage goes, he who laughs last laughs the longest and the loudest, hence being

Family Biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family Biography - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the author’s parents met many years back when they were appointed as prison guards in OJT. At that time, his Dad was divorced and was 30 while his Mom was married to another man and was 25 years of age. His Mom and Dad started seeing each other about which his Mom’s husband knew nothing. They fell in love with each other. His Dad could do anything for her because she was smart, skinny and attractive. He would drive miles just to see her for an hour. To the author, he was a very superficial person giving importance to looks rather than the person inside. He always liked skinny women and loathed bigger ones. As for his Mom, even though she was pretty, she was very rude and rough in her behavior. That is why she did not have many friends. Since she was attractive, nobody ever held her accountable for her terrible behavior. She always thought that she was right even when at times she would be wrong. She has always been very bossy in nature and ob livious to what others think of her. She was, and is till now, very possessive toward the author. The researcher knew that she loved him very much but her possessiveness and messing with everybody who tried to pick a finger at the authorreally ripped the researcher of his personality. The researcher was not humble anymore. Until now, the researcher share a love-hate relationship with her and the reseahasr have not been able to change his feelings toward her no matter what she does for him.  ... I would miss my older Dad too much and developed a constant hatred for my Mom for tearing apart the family. I knew she was the one who had always started the fights. But now, everything had changed and a new guy had come into my life as my real Dad. I came to know about this fact when I was about 7 or 8 years of age and I would not understand why it all happened. After a couple of years, I realized that my Mom was getting better along with my Dad. They seemed to love each other quite well. They would take me for outings and helped me do my homework. We became a happy family. My Dad is a bit superficial person in that he likes me being always in good shape. He likes cars, houses, money and beauty. But still I think I like him a lot because he enjoys sports with me. He attends my parent-teacher meetings with my Mom. I like both of them being there for me whenever I need them. They communicate with me whenever they want me to do something for them and make me understand the logic behind . When I was growing up, I wanted to be a doctor. My parents wanted me to go into law school. So, they made me understand why they wanted me to become a lawyer. Once I got into the habit of coming home late in the evening because I started hanging out with my friends. My Dad did not shout at me; instead, he talked to me about the issue. He made me understand why late nights would be harmful for me. I understood and straightened myself. We go to visit friends and family and invite them to our house. My Mom, at times, shouts and makes issues of small things but my Dad and I handle her quite well with her temper tantrums. I wish she could leave