The comparison of juvenile and young adult sentencing outcomes in Essay

The correlation of adolescent and youthful grown-up condemning results in criminal court - Essay Example a harder time than grown-ups in official courtrooms, both as far as affecting extra factors and affecting their possible result, challenges customary hypothesis. Kurlychek, be that as it may, neglects to introduce an examination that empowers the investigation to be applied all around. At the point when socioeconomics are mulled over, â€Å"The Juvenile Penalty† presents an examination that is a long way from definitive. The information for the paper was winnowed from Pennsylvania’s Commission on Sentencing and spotlights on the 33,962 youthful grown-ups, between ages 18 to 25, and 1,042 adolescents that were prepared in Pennsylvania’s grown-up criminal equity framework over a multi year time span from 1997 to 1999. Not exclusively is there the likelihood that Pennsylvania may be an extraordinary case regarding how grown-ups and adolescents guilty parties are seen, the article makes reference to that most of adolescent wrongdoers are dark and male however neglects to mull over the job that of racial socioeconomics. Both the sex and race of the guilty parties and persecutors may assume a job in the contrasting treatment between youthful grown-ups and adolescents. Also, Kurlychek chose to start exploring cases in 1997, when the treatment of adole scents in Pennsylvania law courts changed fundamentally. Also, if the short three time frame, in which the cases happened, was stretched, the paper’s contention would be significantly fortified. Therefore, this paper needs to assess a bigger report gathering to make its contention a powerful one. By the by, â€Å"juvenile† status, while never expressly managed in the court, seems to assume a noteworthy job in deciding the results of certain guilty parties. â€Å"The Juvenile Penalty† comes up short, be that as it may, to make a general contention since it centers upon a little and explicit number of cases. In this way, the paper’s fundamental suspicions that adolescents get harsher treatment than youthful grown-ups might be exact however requires extra examinations to be demonstrated

Boo.Com, the Failure Free Essays

Global BUSINESS; Boo. com, Online Fashion Retailer, Goes Out of Business By ANDREW ROSS SORKIN Published: May 19, 2000 It should follow the website fantasy content. Two youthful business visionaries devise a thought for the following large online business Web website, raise huge entireties of money, spend luxuriously on promoting, lose cash on each deal, take the organization open and make each worker a very rich person. We will compose a custom exposition test on Boo.Com, the Failure or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now Today, Boo. com, an European style e-posterior upheld by the French extravagance merchandise head honcho Bernard Arnault, the Benetton family, Goldman, Sachs Company and J. P. Morgan, among others, is bankrupt and has been compelled to call the vendors, a half year after its Internet debut. The idea for Boo. com appeared to be conceivable enough. Ernst Malmsten and Kajsa Leander, two 29-year-old Swedes, established Boo. com here in 1998, intending to make an online style retailer that would offer worldwide support in seven dialects and numerous monetary forms. What's more, obviously, the site would utilize the most cutting edge innovation. Boo. com boasted about its capacity to let clients see items in three measurements from 360 degrees, giving them a genuine feeling of how a piece of clothing looked. Speculators were so taken with the thought and its two originators †Ms. Leander had been an Elite model and both had begun an online book shop called Bokus. com †that Boo. com was capable raise $125 million very quickly from a first class list of the incredibly affluent. Before beginning Boo. com, the originators advanced the site in exchange diaries and reflexive design magazines. In any case, it was additionally evident that the originators were too much aspiring. The organization built up its central command on chic Carnaby Street in London, with satellite workplaces in New York, Paris, Stockholm, Amsterdam and Munich. The staff extended from 40 at first to more than 400. Workers routinely flew with every available amenity and remained in five-star inns, as per a previous staff part. Many were given workstations and Palm Pilots for home use, as indicated by this individual, and the organization utilized Federal Express to send normal mail. †They had next to no spending limitation, to put it mildly,† said Noah Yasskin, an examiner at the London office of Jupiter Communications, an Internet look into firm. The site itself was additionally tormented by specialized issues and delays, and accepting twice the length foreseen to evelop. Once ready for action, it turned out to be certain that clients without quick associations with the Internet couldn't utilize the website, a point Boo. com gloated about. That e-highbrow character estranged clients with increasingly unassuming modem speeds, which happened to be the vast majority of Europe and the United States, Boo. com’s two most signif icant markets. †Ninety-nine percent of European and 98 percent of U. S. homes come up short on the transmission capacity expected to effortlessly access such animation,† Therese Torris, an examiner at Forrester Research in Amsterdam, wrote in a report. Furthermore, anybody with a Macintosh PC couldn't utilize the site. While Boo. com later balanced itself to permit clients with more slow associations and Macs to obtain entrance, the progressions came past the point of no return. Deals for the initial three months of the site’s activity were $680,000, while the organization was blowing through more than $1 million every month. The end came as Boo. com’s organizers, with just $500,000 left, battled futile to discover sponsor to furrow more cash into the site. ‘We are profoundly disillusioned that it has been important to solicit KPMG to become vendors from the company,† the fellow benefactors and speculators said in a joint proclamation. †The senior administration of Boo. com has put forth exhausting attempts in the course of the most recent couple of weeks to raise the extra subsidizes which would have permitted the organization to go ahead with an unmistakable arrangement. † Over the most recen t a little while, Mr. Malmsten and Ms. Leander, who together own around 40 percent of the organization, had been begging financial specialists to pay more. As indicated by a representative for Mr. Arnault: †He didn’t need to face the challenge. He would have been eager to remain included on the off chance that he could have had more control. † truth be told, in a meeting in Paris half a month prior about his Internet property, Mr. Arnault would not talk about Boo. com. Regardless of whether Boo. com’s disappointment augurs further issues for dress e-rears is indistinct. In any case, some Internet experts said Boo. com’s rise and fall mirror a difficult that goes past simply selling garments. . †The showcase has woken up to the way that the measure of business e-rears like Boo. om create is a ton lower than we anticipated,† said Tony Shiret, an investigator at Credit Suisse First Boston in London. †A key defining moment was what occurred in the U. S. over Christmas,† he included, alluding to numerous online retailers that announced missed deals projections. †It’s been disillusioning. † On Wednesday, Pri cewaterhouseCoopers discharged a report foreseeing that 25 percent of all Internet organizations in Britain could deplete their money inside a half year. All things considered, the issues at Boo. com issues were to some degree self-incurred, Mr. Yasskin said. †They attempted to do too much,† he said. †Opening up in numerous nations at the same time is outlandish. † One significant hindrance for Boo. com may essentially have been the sort of product it was attempting to sell. †If you take a gander at fruitful locales, they are driven by price,† Mr. Shiret said. †It is extremely difficult to sell apparel at a cost base that bodes well without the scale. † Indeed, Boo. com never contended on value like most different retailers; it wanted to charm clients with its intelligent administrations and comfort. In any case, Boo. com may merit something, regardless of whether it is just a small amount of the $400 million worth its authors once attributed to the organization. KPMG, which is dealing with the liquidation procedure, said today that it had gotten in excess of 30 requests. In a meeting with The Sunday Telegraph prior this month, Mr. Malmsten conceded he may have made slips up. †We have committed a few errors and we were late with our dispatch, yes,† he said. †But individuals are free to come ’round here into our workplaces and see what is happening now. † The most effective method to refer to Boo.Com, the Failure, Essay models

What Is Authoritative Parenting

What Is Authoritative Parenting Theories Developmental Psychology Print Authoritative Parenting Characteristics and Effects By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on July 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on September 20, 2019 More in Theories Developmental Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview and History Characteristics Effects View All Back To Top Authoritative parenting is characterized by reasonable demands and high responsiveness. While authoritative parents might have high expectations for their children, they also give their kids the resources and support they need to succeed. Parents who exhibit this style listen to their kids and provide love and warmth in addition to limits and fair discipline. Illustration by Hugo Lin, Verywell Brief History During the 1960s, developmental psychologist Diana Baumrind described three different types of parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive. This was based on her research  with preschool-age children. The authoritative parenting style  is sometimes referred to as democratic. It involves a child-centric approach in which parents hold high expectations for their children. Traditionally, the authoritative parenting style has been identified as the most effective and helpful to a child; research suggests that parents should flexibly deploy parenting techniques based on their personal goals and the unique behaviors of each child. Characteristics According to Baumrind, authoritative parents share some common characteristics, including: They listen to their childrenThey allow their children to express opinionsThey encourage their children to discuss optionsThey foster independence and reasoningThey place limits, consequences, and expectations on their childrens behaviorThey express warmth and nurturingThey administer fair and consistent discipline when rules are broken While their expectations are high, they also tend to be flexible. If there are extenuating circumstances, they will adjust their response accordingly. Discipline, then, takes into account all of the variables, including the child’s behavior, the situation, and so on. Authoritative vs. Authoritarian Styles These characteristics can be contrasted with the authoritarian parenting style, which is characterized by exceedingly high expectations with little warmth and guidance. For example, imagine a situation where two young boys steal candy from the grocery store. One boy has authoritative parents, so when he finally arrives home, he receives a fair punishment that fits the nature of the transgression. He is grounded for two weeks and must return the candy and apologize to the store owner. His parents talk to him about why stealing is wrong, but are supportive and encourage him not to engage in such behavior again. The other boy has authoritarian parents, so when he arrives home, he is yelled at by both of them. His father spanks him and orders him to spend the rest of the night in his room without dinner. The child’s parents offer little support or love, and no feedback or guidance about why the theft was wrong. Effects In the past, child development experts  influenced by Baumrinds work generally identified the authoritative parenting style as the best approach to parenting. Research has repeatedly shown that children raised by authoritative parents tend to be more capable, happy, and successful. According to Baumrind, children of authoritative parents: Tend to have happier dispositionsHave good emotional control and regulationDevelop good social skillsAre self-confident about their abilities to learn new things Why it Works Authoritative parents act as role models and exhibit the same behaviors they expect from their children. Because of this, their kids are more likely to internalize these behaviors and exhibit them as well. Consistent rules and discipline also allow children to know what to expect. The parents tend to exhibit good emotional understanding and control. Their children also learn to manage their emotions and learn to understand others. Authoritative parents also allow children to act independently. This teaches kids that they are capable of accomplishing things on their own, helping to foster strong self-esteem and self-confidence. A Word From Verywell Some parents are naturally more authoritative than authoritarian or permissive. However, this doesnt mean that you cant adopt a more authoritative style, even if its not your default. It may mean that you will have to remain mindful of your actions while you work to develop these habits.   It might help to view this parenting style as a balance between discipline, emotional control, and allowing independence. Try not to be too harsh nor too lenient; you can start by letting your child make more decisions, but also have regular discussions about those choices.  With time, attention, and flexibility to your childs needs, this parenting method will become more natural.

The Yellow Wallpaper and A Rose for Emily - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1791 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: A Rose For Emily Essay Did you like this example? According to Elaine Showalter, madness gives women an excuse for expressing anger and hostility. Madness can give women the courage to stand up for themselves in a patriarchal society. Patriarchal is an adjective that describes an area where men have authority and power over women. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Yellow Wallpaper and A Rose for Emily" essay for you Create order A patriarchal society consists of men having power over women in society in general as well as in relationships. The word mad can describe a person who is severely mentally ill or out of their minds. Many situations can cause someone to go mad or insane such as isolation, obsession, or loss of control. Although these two short stories have multiple similarities and differences, The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner both explore the idea of women losing themselves to madness caused by the patriarchal society. The pressure of the patriarchal society drives them to isolation, obsession, and then eventually madness. The Yellow Wallpaper, published in 1892, is the story of a woman whose husband forces her into isolation because he tells her she is sick. Throughout the story, the narrator informs the reader that she is not sick, but by the end of the story, she does become mentally ill. Her madness occurs after the isolation her husband forces her into causes her to become obsessed with the wallpaper. Her husbands control over her life also causes her to become obsessed with breaking free from the power he has over her life. Her obsessions cause her to lose herself to madness as she begins to see things that are not real. The Yellow Wallpaper shows the reader that the narrator goes mad because of her isolation. Her isolation from the world causes her to become obsessed with the wallpaper that she is surrounded by. Because her husband is convinced that she is sick, the narrator is forced to stay locked inside a house until she shows signs of improvement. The longer this goes on, the crazier she gets as she begins seeing things in the wallpaper. Throughout the story, John says things such as Can you not trust me as a physician when I tell you so? to convince her that he is right about her mental health when he is completely wrong (Gilman 474). His ability to manipulate her into thinking he is right about the so-called illness helps to cause the narrators madness. The way he manipulates her causes her to resent him, causing her to go mad out of frustration and anger. The way he treats the narrator makes her want to defeat him and the power he holds over her. The narrators husbands control over her life takes a very large toll on her sanity. When the narrator starts to lose her mind completely, she begins to believe the wallpaper moves because The woman behind shakes it! (Gilman 476). Since she stays in the room with the yellow wallpaper all day, she stares at it for a very long time, and this causes her to begin to hallucinate things moving and shaking inside of the paper. Her hallucinations of what is behind the paper is a sign of her going mad. She also becomes possessive of the wallpaper as if she does not want to share it with anyone else who is in the house which is the opposite of how she felt in the beginning. She hates how the wallpaper looks and makes her feel in the beginning. Her attachment to the paper shows how she is starting to go mad. The woman she sees inside of the wallpaperis herself, trying to break out of her life (Showalter 5). The version of herself she sees in the wallpaper wants to be free just like she does in h er own life, but this version of herself is the crazier side of her or the side the reader sees when she fully goes mad. Her obsession with the wallpaper and the woman she sees inside of it drive her mad. By the end, the narrator has defeated him only by destroying herself (Showalter 5). She breaks the woman out of the wallpaper which is her just allowing the madness to fully consume her. By breaking free from her husbands control, she has driven herself into a state of madness that is beyond repair. While the narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper goes insane because of her husbands control of her life, A Rose for Emily, published in 1930, shows how a fathers rule can do similar damage. A Rose for Emily is about a woman whose father forces her into isolation because he does not believe anyone is worthy enough to be in his daughters life. Her father dies, leaving her all alone with no one to care for her or make decisions for her and her future. His control over her life causes a lot of damage as she does not have anyone else in her life to take care of her after he passes away. Her fathers death causes her to become obsessed with finding someone to fill the hole her father left, so she will not be alone anymore. In A Rose for Emily, Emilys madness is caused by her father controlling who she allowed into her life. The creation of her madness starts long before her fathers death, but his passing causes things to completely spiral for her. The town all knew about the young men her father had driven away (Faulkner 32). Emilys father believed that all the potential suitors who came into her life were not worthy enough for her. No one lived up to his expectations of who Emily needed in her life, so when her father was alive, he was the only person who was really in Emilys life because he pushed everyone else away from her. The isolation from the rest of the world that she experienced did not prepare her for life after her fathers death. After he died, Emily went out very little (Faulkner 31). Emilys past and present isolation from the rest of the world causes her to become obsessed with the idea of not being alone anymore. She starts to hate the idea of not being alone anymore so much that she goe s to extreme lengths to keep someone trapped in her life. Because her father controlled and provided for her, Emily does not know how to handle life without him. She has never lived life without someone making every decision for her future. When Homer Barron came into her life, she did not want him to leave her. She could not handle the thought of being alone anymore. She physically wanted someone in her life that would never leave her side. When she died, town members went inside her house and found that The man himself lay in the bed (Faulkner 35). Emily became so obsessed with not wanting to be alone that the obsession drove her to kill Homer. When she killed Homer, there was no way for him to be driven away like all the other potential suitors her father drove off. She kept his body hidden inside her house, so she would not be left by herself again. Emilys obsession with not being left alone drove her so crazy that she ended up murdering someone to keep them trapped in her world. The Yellow Wallpaper and A Rose for Emily have a few similarities. Both stories are about women who suffered from isolation and obsession that caused madness. They also share the fact that their insanity is caused by the control the patriarchal society has over their lives. Both stories are set in a time where men still had a lot of authority and say over womens lives, futures, and decisions. Both stories end with the women losing their minds because of the anger, frustration, and resentment they kept built up inside for the men in their lives that held them under their control. Although The Yellow Wallpaper and A Rose for Emily share similarities, they are also still very different from each other. In the first story, the narrator is forced into isolation by her husband who is a doctor. In the second story, Emily is isolated by her father who does not believe any man is good enough to be her husband. Although both stories take place in times where women are still controlled by men, they were written almost forty years apart as The Yellow Wallpaper was written in 1890 and A Rose for Emily was written in 1929. In The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator becomes obsessed with the yellow paper as well as the hallucinations of the different version of herself she is seeing within the wallpaper. In A Rose for Emily, Emily becomes obsessed with the idea of not being alone. The narrator obsesses over breaking free so much that it drives her insane, and she rips off the wallpaper to free the crazy version of herself. Emily is driven so insane by her obsession of not being alone that she kills her potential suitor, so he cannot decide to leave her all alone. The narrators obsession with the wallpaper just drove her to break free. However, Emilys obsession with not being lonely in her life anymore drove her to murder. The Yellow Wallpaper and A Rose for Emily both tell stories of women who go mad because of the patriarchal society, but the ways they go mad are slightly different. Patriarchal describes a situation where men hold power over women. In both main characters cases, their madness is caused by isolation and obsession. These stories have many similarities such as the fact that men keep them isolated from the rest of the world, and both stories happen in times where men could control womens lives. However, they also have their differences. Gilman wrote The Yellow Wallpaper in 1890 while Faulkner wrote A Rose for Emily in 1929. The narrator becomes obsessed with the wallpaper while Emily becomes obsessed with not being alone in life. The narrators obsession with being free from her husbands control causes her to go mad and defeat her husband. Emilys obsession with not wanting to be alone causes her to go crazy and kill Homer. The stories relate to each other in very many ways, but it is very clear that there are a lot more differences than similarities. Works Cited Faulkner, William. A Rose for Emily. Literature: Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gloria. Pearson Longman. 30-36. Print. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gloria. Pearson Longman. 468-478. Showalter, Elaine. Killing the Angel in the House: The Autonomy of Women Writers. The Antioch Review 50. 50th Anniversary (1992): 208-220. JSTOR. Web. 9 Dec. 2018.

The Complicated Relationship Between The Black And White...

The Complicated Relationship between the Black and White Americans Amiri Baraka’s play the â€Å"Dutchman† is a portrayal about the interactions between the two major characters Lula and Clay. The two came from different races, whereas Clay is a twenty year old African American, while Lula on her thirties is a white woman. It all started when Lula had the courage to approach Clay, accusing the latter intent of staring from the window of a train. In their conversation, it demonstrates how Lula was trying to manipulate the situation, depicting the relationship between the two races and the problem about stereotyping. In the play, Lula first appeared as a beautiful and attractive white woman with an apple at her hand (Baraka, 1). Somehow, if her character will be interpreted based on Biblical teaching, it appears that she is more like a temptress like Eve. Although, Lula only met Clay for the first time, but she acted like knowing everything about the latter. She even mocked and insulted Clay, especially with regards to his intellect and clothing. Through this portrayal, the Lula was trying to reveal her true nature as a rude individual, and there is no way Clay could approach her on the same footing. The Dutchman as a Play Clearly, the character of Lula represents the White people and their racist attributes. Through her actions alone, she was trying to show herself as more powerful than Clay. Meanwhile, the character of Clay is the opposite of Lula, considering that he is anShow MoreRelatedAuthors Such As W.E.B. Du Bois And Simone De Beauvoir,1695 Words   |  7 Pagesthe biggest obstacles to freedom for oppressed groups. The oppression of black people and women are similar in fundamental ways because they are viewed as inferior and the ways they are controlled and limited by another, dominant group which makes it easy to apply the concept of the Veil to both of them. Du Bois introduces the concept of the Veil, which concerns the way black people see themselves through the eyes of white people. De Beauvoir expands the concept of the Veil to apply to the oppressionRead MoreRelationship Between The United States And Black America932 Words   |  4 PagesThe relationship between the United States and Black America can best be compared to an unbalanced scale. Some would argue that the majority take regular advantage of the minority, creating a distinct schism between the tw o groups. The actions taken by each group adversely shape the behavior of one another. While the oppressed lash out because of the unfair conditions of society, the oppressors continue to dish out what they consider to be the appropriate punishment. The oppressed continue to becomeRead MoreAfrican American Literature Toni Morrisons Essay Black Matters667 Words   |  3 PagesAfrican American Literature Toni Morrisons Essay Black Matters In Black Matters, Toni Morrison discusses knowledge and how it seems to take on a Eurocentric standpoint. The knowledge she discusses is the traditional literature that is unshaped by the four-hundred-year-old presence of the first Africans and then African-Americans in the United States (Morrison 310). Morrison also addresses the treatment of African Americans in current society dealing with racial discourse (311), in additionRead MoreThe Censorship Of The Media1542 Words   |  7 Pagesrated so that almost no one can see them, and books can be banned, but there is no such censorship on the internet so they are free to represent other human experiences without fear of being silenced or ignored. As such, stories including queer relationships and â€Å"non-traditional† gender identities are able to be written, published, and read in abundance and to a greater extent than what can be seen in the mainstream media. These stories also tend to normalize these other human experienc es. While mainstreamRead MoreInterracial Relationships1553 Words   |  7 PagesRacism). The 21st century has brought a lot of changes to the American society. Nevertheless, racism still exists owing to the truth that it is still impossible to persuade the hearts of mankind in terms of racism, which leads to many people wondering how and when black and white racism will end in America. Many solutions have been suggested, and one of the various solutions is black and white interracial relationships. Such relationships have recently been successful in the 21st century, which leadsRead MoreCultural And Economic Separation Of Usa1282 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation hosted by America brings in cultural differences bringing in the question of blending in of minority populations such as African American, Asian Pacific American, American Indian, and Hispanics who mainly contrast with mainstream American culture. America has of an Anglo majority, which dominates the country both politically and economically. The history of American has an in-depth legacy in slavery and rampant social and economic inequalities cutting across the different races. Despite the economicRead MoreThe Racial Inequality of Blacks and Asians in America Essay1440 Words   |  6 PagesAsian-Black relations in â€Å"Native Speaker† America has been thought of as a place represented by fairness, mixed culture, power and the dream of having a better life for everyone, whether a person is white, black, brown, and yellow. However, the truth is that racial groups have been segregated by the white-centric media or government of the American society, and that has widened the psychological and geographical distances between the two groups, Asian and black, and has encouraged ignorance andRead MoreCrash Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pagesthan him. Rick is an L.A. district attorney whose wife, Jean, makes little secret of her horror and hate of people not like herself. Jeans worst dreams about people of color are complete when her SUV is stolen by two African American men. Cameron is a rich African American television producer with a gorgeous wife. When coming back from a party one night, they are pulled over by the police Officer Ryan subjects them to a shameful examination and his wife to an improper search while his ne w partnerRead MoreCrossing Borders Through Folklore By Alma Jean Bilingslea Brown1286 Words   |  6 PagesIn her book Crossing Borders Through Folklore, Alma Jean Bilingslea-Brown discusses how border crossing trope found in Black American women s writing. Brown claims: The journey across geopolitical, cultural, and Ideological borders constitutes one of the most frequent crossings in black women s fiction. Interpreted at one point as the movement from victimization to consciousness and from division to wholeness, the journey was perceived to be as much personal as psychological as politicalRead MoreAnalysis Of Grendel s Grendel 977 Words   |  4 Pageswho kills for no reason. Grendel hears noises from the meadhall as he scramble through the woods. The twelve years of war causes Grendel to attack Hrothgar’s meadhall, and coldheartedly ravages the reckless community; this reflects to the African Americans who risked their lives protesting for their rights. Grendel, the grotesque of the society has many diversities to his character; he characterizes race, culture, and power. John Gardner uses the society to emphasis Grendel as the binary figure, who

Anselm’s Monologion Free Essays

Anselm’s Monologion is at first a detailed expansion of his more famous ontology – the proof of the existence of God – as expressed elsewhere. In this proof God is first equated with the most perfect being, and then it is demonstrated that such a being necessarily exists. The Monologion is concerned more with the nature of the most perfect being, and what else can be predicated about it, in relation to itself, and to created beings. We will write a custom essay sample on Anselm’s Monologion or any similar topic only for you Order Now The same line of argument is followed, where the oneness and the perfection of the Supreme Being are emphasized, but after a point we notice that the effort is diverted into explaining the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, so that God is said to be three persons in one substance, and yet indivisibly one. It needs to be remembered that Anselm does not attempt to ‘prove’ the doctrine of the Trinity. Therefore the latter part of the Monologion is really persuasive rather than demonstrative. The aim is to convince us of the reasonableness of the doctrine of the Trinity. It will be instructive to recall Anselm’s ontology here. In order to divert any suspicion of sophism, Anselm introduces the argument as taking place in the head of a fool. This fool denies the existence of a Supreme and Perfect Being. But when he tries to imagine something of the kind in his head, he cannot. Whatever great thing he imagines, it is not final, because the mind soars inexorably past it and imagines something even greater. The mind tries to grasp perfection, but cannot do so. Anselm argues that if there were no perfect being, then the mind chases after nothing, which cannot be so. So there must be a thing called Perfection, at least as an idea. Next he supposes the case where the Perfection is only in the mind and not in reality. If this were the case then it would not be the most perfect thing, because being only in the mind, the mind would then try to imagine something even greater than it. Therefore the Perfect Being has real existence. The Monologion opens with a variation on this ontology, postulating that all things that are good, or great, or virtuous in any way, are so due to the goodness, greatness or virtue of the Supreme Being, which must necessarily exist as the abode or perfection and being whereby everything else derives its qualities and its existence. It then tries to fix the nature of this Supreme Being, and concludes that whatever qualities it possesses it does so by itself, from itself, and through itself. And at the same time all created beings possess their qualities and their existence by, from and through the Supreme Being. So that a person can be said to be just, which implies a comparison. He is just because he has more justice in him then the next person. But with God there is no comparison, so that He is Justice itself. He is said to exist in all places and in all times, and this sense exists in the truest sense. In comparison all created being can be said not to exist at all, and at best that they exist in a limited sense. They are mutable, so that whatever existence they have is fleeting – nothing is ever what it was a moment ago. Therefore, the Supreme Being not only brings them into existence, but sustains their existence too. These are things demonstrated in the first part of the Monologion, and all the arguments follow the same pattern as in the ontology, i. e. it employs the oneness and perfection of God. But then Anselm comes to consider the Expression of the Supreme Being. All created existence is but a manifestation of the Expression. We must next consider whether this Expression is also a creature. But it cannot be so, because all creatures come to existence through the Expression, and the Expression cannot come into being through itself. If it is not a creature then it can only consubstantial with the Supreme Being. Here it is established that the Expression of the Supreme Being cannot be anything distinct from it. It must therefore be sufficient in itself, and need not depend of created beings, having existence before creating things came into being, and even after the final dissolution of things. So we need to find a way to describe the Expression to relation to God alone. Anselm describes it as the understanding of God. It can be seen as a means by which God comes to understand Himself. It is plain that God cannot be in the dark about his own nature, says Anselm, and he points out that even the human mind understands itself. The mind is conscious of itself, can remember itself, can reason with itself. This is but the mind understanding itself. If the mind can understand itself to some extent, there is no doubt that the Supreme Being understands itself, and does so not partially, but wholly. It is indeed the aspect we know as divine wisdom. The next step is to equate the Expression with the Word. In truth, an analogy is here being drawn between â€Å"words†, which are the units of human language, and the essence of expression. In a word is the image of the thing as we sense it. Therefore, in words are the expressions of all things, and as words all things are represented in the human mind. There are, no doubt, other carriers of expression, for example, pictures, sculptures, tastes, smells, etc. But the word is the purest and most powerful medium. It is the building block of language, and thus is the bearer of culture and civilization. We have many words, and these exist so that all things may be represented in the mind, and even then it is inadequate to bring the whole diverse splendor of the universe to us. Anselm asks the question whether the divine expression employs many words. But quickly demonstrates that such diversity would detract from the perfection of the divine expression. If the Expression is one, and the word is made consubstantial to it, then the word is also one, and this is the Word. It is the supreme image of the divine, but it also forms an identity with the divine. From it is derived all other words, and indeed all other images. Since all things are created in the image of the divine, the Word is indeed the source of all Creation. Anselm thus far has arrived at the Biblical assertion, as found in the Gospel of John: â€Å"In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God† (John 1:1). Anselm points out a possible difficulty at this point. If it is true that the Word brings all things into existence in the manner of lending to them its own image, then it must be somehow like the things which are created, being in its own image. He considers the three mutually exhaustive cases. Either the likeness is (1) exact, (2) partial, or (3) non-existent. It is obvious that there cannot be an exact likeness, because created things are mutable, and the Word is not. A partial likeness implies that some aspects of the creating being do not derive from the Word, which is also plainly false. If there no likeness at all then there is no creation either. Anselm suggests that we come over this difficulty by using the comparison the other way. This means that we should compare created beings to the Word, and not the other way round. All created things must compare to the Word is some degree. And the degree to which they do compare is the degree of their existence. To elaborate on the theme of ‘degrees of existence’, Anselm asks us to consider the gradated nature of all created things. The rational human mind is certainly superior to the sensual human body; the sensual animals are certainly superior to the non-sensual plants; the sentient plants are superior to the non-sentient and material substances. Each created being is an effulgence of the Word, and it must necessarily be so, because the Word is the expression of the divine. But there seems to be a gradation that rises to make the image of the divine truer and truer. When we arrive at the rational human mind we have self-reflexive understanding, which is an attribute we apply properly only to the divine mind. But then, human reason does not comprehend itself finally, and neither can it come to an understanding of what it sees as God and the universe. On the other hand, the Spirit that is God comprehends itself fully, and this through the means of the Word. Therefore we must conclude that the human mind is an effulgence of the Word, but it is not the Word itself. Through a multiplicity of ‘words’ the human mind can grapple with the infinite expanse that it finds before it, and can come to know of the existence of the Word, thus of God, though it cannot know the Word itself. We may assert that the rational mind is the greatest among all created things, and therefore bears the greatest likeness with the Word, and consequently possess more reality that anything else in the phenomenal world. Though none can deny that it is a created, and thus limited thing. This much Anselm attempts to prove. Much of the latter part of the Monologion is not proof but suggestion. The starting point of such suggestion is when Anselm insists that the Expression be construed as something distinct from the Supreme Being. Having already proved that there cannot be any distinction, Anselm seems to be taking liberties now. He wants to be reasonable instead of rational. It is as if he is encountering God as a person instead of a matter of logic. In the sense that we would not mistake the expression of a person with the person himself, so Anselm describes the Word as distinct from the Supreme Being, And further on he will give the description a more personal character by saying that the Word in begotten by the Supreme Being in the way that the son is begotten of the father. He is at pains to point out, though, that it is an â€Å"ineffable plurality. To be sure, ineffable—because although necessity compels that they be two, what two they are cannot at all be expressed† (Anselm 53). In the end it is an article of faith that he is espousing. To think in this way is to gain a glimpse into the deepest mysteries of the divine, and this is what increases devotion and strengthens faith. Once we admit two distinct beings in God, there issues by necessity a third, with is Love, which is that by which the Son is united with Father and the Father with the Son. This is the doctrine of the Trinity, that which Anselm has been aiming at from the beginning. We draw the following conclusion. In the Monologion it is Anselm’s task to prove the existence of God and to elaborate on the perfection of His nature. The proofs that he provides for the existence and perfection of God are thorough and irrefutable. He elaborates on the Expression of God as the source of all created existence. But even though he establishes that, in a strictly logical sense, we cannot apply predicates to God, he nevertheless goes on espouse the Christian doctrine of the Trinity. He is careful to point out that this latter assertion is not a proof, but is rather the most reasonable predicate that can be applied to God. How to cite Anselm’s Monologion, Papers

Microscope and the Cell Essays - Lenses, Microscopes, Cell Biology

BioLab3 Lab Report 3 Microscope and the Cell Student Name: I.Purpose of the Microscope Define the following terms. Magnificationthe action or process of magnifying something or being magnified, especially visually. Resolving PowerThe ability of a microscope or telescope to distinguish two close together images as being separate. ContrastThe ability to see specimen detail against its background. II.The Compound Microscope EXERCISE 1 Label the parts of the compound microscope 1.Eyepiece2.Arm 3.Course Adjustment4.Fine Adjustment 5.Resolving Nosepiece6.Objectives Lenses 7.Stage Clips8.stage 9.Iris Diaphragm Lever10.Condenser 11.Light Source12.Base Define the following terms. EyepieceContains the Oracular lends which focuses light on the retina of the eye. ArmThe handle for the Microscope. Course Adjustment KnobLarge knob used to make large movements of the objective lens when focusing on specimen. Fine adjustment knobManipulating this knob clarifies detail of the specimen Revolving nosepieceLenses are threaded into the revolving nosepiece. Makes it easier to revolve through lenses. Objective lensesThe simplest optical microscope is the magnifying glass and is good to about ten times (10X) magnification. Stage clipsUsed to secure the slide in position StageThe microscope slide is place here. Iris diaphragm leverRegulate the size of the opening in the diaphragm. Condenserlens that serves to concentrate light from the illumination source that is in turn focused through the object and magnified by the objective lens. Light sourceLocated in the base of the microscope. BaseLowermost part of the microscope on the tab EXERCISE 2 Calculate microscope magnification Calculate the total magnification for each lens combination. Lens Lens Power Ring Color Total Magnification Unaided Eye 1Xnone 1X x 1X = 1X eyepiece10Xnone1X x 10X = 10X Scanning 4Xblack10X x 4x=40x Low Power 10Xgreen10X x 10x=100x High Power 40X yellow10X x 40x=400x Oil Immersion 100X red10X x 100x=1000x III.Viewing Microscope Slides EXERCISE 3 Focusing the microscope Define the following terms. ParcentralProperty of the microscope which keeps the specimen centralized in the field of view from one objective lens to the next. ParfocalThe ability of the microscope to remain in focus when switching from one lens to the next highest. EXERCISE 4 Specimen orientation In which direction does the image move? The image moves to the left. In which direction does the image move? The image moves down. What is the relationship between the movement of the image and the object? The image moves the opposite direction of the object. IV.Microscopic Measurement EXERCISE 5 Measure the diameter of the field of view Calculate the diameter of the field of view of the scanning power (40X) in micrometers (m)? 4,400 micrometers Calculate the size of the diameter of the field of view for each objective lens and record the data. Remember that 1mm = 1000 m. Lens Total MagnificationDiameter mmDiameter m Scanning 40x2.6mm2600um Low Power 100x1.1mm1100um High Power 400x0.3mm300um Oil Immersion1000x.176mm176um EXERCISE 6 Estimate the size of a specimen 1.Estimate the length of the specimen under low power (10X). 1100m 2.Measure the length of the specimen under high power (40X). 4400m What is the relationship between the diameter of the field of view and its power of magnification? It shows what the fraction will be in the circle. A specimen which fills of the field of view under an oil immersion lens (1000X) is how long? 440m A specimen which fills of the field of view under a scanning lens (40X) is how long? 650m A specimen which fills of the field of view under a low power lens (100X) is how long? 257m A specimen which fills of the field of view under a high power lens (400X) is how long? 357m V.Depth of Focus EXERCISE 3.7 Determine depth of focus Determine the order of the colored threads and enter your results below: TopRed MiddleBlue BottomYellow How is the order of the threads determined? the depth and color in the order they are stacked What diaphragm adjustment should be made to more easily determine the order of the colored threads? Push to the left for more detail Explain how depth of focus can be used to reconstruct structure. the better depth the better the detail shows up and causes a better eye to observe VI.Characteristics of Cells Identify the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Characteristics Prokaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells Genetic materialLocated in nucleoid, a region of cytoplasm not bounded by a membrane. Consists of a single molecule DNA. Located in a nucleus, a membrane bound compartment within the cytoplasm. Made up of DNA molecules of proteins. CytoplasmSmall Ribosomes.Large Ribosomes. VII.Prokaryotic Cells EXERCISE 8 Observe bacteria cells Which magnification is being used to view the bacteria? 400x Can you see cell organelles within the cytoplasm? Yes Measure the approximate size (m) of the bacterial cells. 60m Label the structures of the bacterial cell. 1.Single chromosome 2.Cell Wall 3.Surface membrane 4.Plasmids 5.Cytoplasm VIII.Eukaryotic Cells A.Animal Cells EXERCISE 9 Prepare a wet mount of human cheek cells Estimate the size of a typical cheek